Wednesday, 31 October 2012
Tuesday, 30 October 2012
Monday, 29 October 2012
Sunday, 28 October 2012
Some edible goodness for Canada
Thank you Canada for viewing my blog. Adults only handling dry ice. safety first.
Some goulie goodness for the United States
Thank you for viewing my blog United States. Please only adults with gloves to use dry ice. Safety first.
Saturday, 27 October 2012
I have christmas bar soap molds.
I 'm thinking I am going to need to pay for schooling somehow. The school I want seem to be very expensive. Near 20,000 for one year. yikes! I better get studying.
Friday, 26 October 2012
My treats for the grand nieces and grand nephews
Just realized my eyes were upside down....oops..oh well Happy Halloween!Thursday, 25 October 2012
Chemistry might get expensive for the baby sitter
Who if they use the new money, may not find it work too well. swivel swivel
Demonstration of Newton's third law I believe, through chemistry
Remember always practise safety first and remember those laws
Wednesday, 24 October 2012
Soap bubble to Germany
Thank you for viewing my blog Germany. ( there are more videos behind this one)
Tuesday, 23 October 2012
Monday, 22 October 2012
Wednesday, 17 October 2012
Monday, 15 October 2012
Saturday, 13 October 2012
Friday, 12 October 2012
Thursday, 11 October 2012
Tuesday, 9 October 2012
Monday, 8 October 2012
Sunday, 7 October 2012
Just another bubble
Section 4: From Cloud Chambers to Bubble Chambers
Physicists became impatient waiting for cosmic rays to produce the rare events that led to new discoveries. So after World War II, research shifted to national laboratories where accelerators were built to produce intense beams of energetic protons. To record the particles and their decay tracks, physicists built large bubble chambers. These liquid versions of cloud chambers recorded thousands of photographs of particle tracks.The new accelerators represented greatly improved versions of the crude accelerators that J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford had used in their pioneering studies of atomic structure. Those original instruments had a significant disadvantage: The naturally produced alpha and beta particles that provided the projectiles for the accelerators had relatively little energy. In 1927, Rutherford upped the ante by calling for ways of creating "a copious supply" of higher-energy particles. Ernest Lawrence, a young physics professor at the University of California, Berkeley, found a unique way to take up the challenge. It involved a circular device in which a magnetic field confined particles to orbiting in a horizontal plane while an alternating electric potential applied to each half of the circular plane would give the particles an energy boost twice per orbit. This ingenious technique avoided the use of very high voltages—an achievement both difficult and dangerous. Instead, it applied a modest voltage many times.
The first cyclotron built by Lawrence and his student M. Stanley Livingston measured 4.5 inches in diameter. As soon as they proved that it worked, they built a larger version. With a diameter of 11 inches, this accelerated protons to energies of more than one million electron volts. Eventually, Lawrence founded the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley (now the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) and oversaw the construction of ever-larger cyclotrons. That group of devices, which included an accelerator called the Bevatron, led to the discovery of new mesons, enabled the first detection of the antiproton, created transuranic elements, and even provided beams of particles for cancer treatment.
New species for the particle zoo
The Bevatron at Berkeley and the Cosmotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island led the way to the new surge of discovering subatomic particles. Reaching full power in 1953, the Cosmotron became the first particle accelerator to give single particles kinetic energies of more than 1 giga-electron volt (GeV, or 109 electron volts). Once it started operation in 1954, meanwhile, the Bevatron accelerated protons at energies up to 6.2 GeV into a fixed metal target.
Figure 9: The first cyclotron, the Bevatron, and particle tracks.Source: Cyclotron: © Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, courtesy AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Bevatron and Particle Tracks: © Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. More info
), cascade (
), and delta (
). Since these particles were heavier than the proton, physicists dubbed them baryons (meaning heavy ones in Greek). The research also revealed particles of different electrical charge—positive, negative, and neutral—with the same mass and decay properties, suggesting that they were members of a family. Physicists even identified a ++ particle that had a charge of +2 (i.e., twice the proton charge)!The situation now resembled that faced by chemists before the advent of the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom. To impose some order, physicists followed Dmitri Mendeleev's example and constructed tables that organized the eight known mesons and nine known baryons according to their electric charges and amounts of strangeness (as determined by the number of kaons in the decay chain). They plainly needed a new theory to find the underlying symmetry in this particle zoo.
Three fundamental building blocks
In 1964, theorists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently suggested that all of the observed mesons and baryons could be constructed from just three fundamental building blocks. The pair regarded these quarks as mathematical constructs that were useful for explaining the observed data, but not necessarily as fundamental particles corresponding to physical reality.The model postulated that the three types, or flavors, of quark—that physicists named up, down, and strange—had fractional electric charges. It assigned the up quark a charge of +2/3 (two-thirds of the charge on the proton), and the down and strange quarks charges of -1/3 (one-third of the electron's charge). All baryons, the model suggested, consisted of three quarks, combined in such a way that they have integral or zero electric charge. Protons, for example, contained two up quarks and a down quark, providing a net electric charge of +1. Neutrons stemmed from one up and two down quarks, netting out at zero charge.
Mesons, meanwhile, were created from just two constituent quarks. They gained their integral electric charges by combining quarks and anti-quarks. Anti-quarks are quarks' antimatter partners; they have the opposite electric charge and bear the same relation to quarks as positrons to electrons. For example, the pi+ consisted of an up quark and an anti-down quark with a charge of +1; the pi-zero stemmed from an up and an anti-up (or down and anti-down) quark; and the pi- from a down quark and an anti-up quark. And if you wanted kaons, you simply changed the down quarks to strange quarks.
| Quark 1 | Quark 2 | Quark 3 | Baryon |
|---|---|---|---|
| up | up | down | proton |
| up | down | down | neutron |
| up | down | strange | lambda |
However, one combination had so far defied observation: the tenth baryon, constructed from three strange quarks, that Gell-Mann dubbed the "Omega minus (-)." Just as a gap in the periodic table suggested an element waiting to be discovered, the prediction of the quark model set off a search to find the missing baryon. Within the year, it culminated in the discovery of the Omega minus in the 80-inch bubble chamber at Brookhaven National Laboratory's 80-inch bubble chamber. Just like the periodic table, the quark model had predictive power.
Figure 10: The periodic table for heavier mesons and baryons.Source: © Wikimedia Commons, GNU license version 1.2. Authors: Laurascudder, 2007 (Meson octet and Baryon decuplet) and Dr_Eric_Simon, 2006 (Baryon octet). More info
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Saturday, 6 October 2012
Friday, 5 October 2012
Thursday, 4 October 2012
Here is an interesting old fact
While preparing to do an assignment on Newton's Mechanics I decided to look it up in an old University physics book. Well it didn't have Newton's Mechanics but it did have Newton's Rings.
41.5 Interference in Thin Films
The brilliant colors that are often seen when light is reflected from a soap bubble or from a thin layer of oil floating on water are produced by interference effects between the two trains of light waves reflected at opposite surfaces of the thin films of soap solution or oil....The rays come together at a point on the retina of the eye, provided the film is thin enough to allow both rays to enter the pupil of the eye. hmmm ...wonder if that train of thought has changed since 1973.
Back to Newton's Mechanics
41.5 Interference in Thin Films
The brilliant colors that are often seen when light is reflected from a soap bubble or from a thin layer of oil floating on water are produced by interference effects between the two trains of light waves reflected at opposite surfaces of the thin films of soap solution or oil....The rays come together at a point on the retina of the eye, provided the film is thin enough to allow both rays to enter the pupil of the eye. hmmm ...wonder if that train of thought has changed since 1973.
Back to Newton's Mechanics
Tuesday, 2 October 2012
So..in the beginning..
We had to do all our math the long way. With pencil, paper, and erasers. Does any one know what an eraser is now? Sure, it took time. Then we progressed... the calculator. How fast and easy it was once you figured out the buttons. And the funny little words like lol or oil that you could make it spell. Well, for these courses I was doing the long hand, and when there was power in my phone, the phone calculator. I looked up calculator on my start button and found one that was close to my phone. Wasn't any good for square roots so got rid of it. Then I looked up scientific calculator....OMG! Who needs a pencil? I found the most amazing calculator for my computer. It does everything, from computing, to 2 3 D graphing, triangles, the endless possibilities. All I can say is.... Where is the off/on switch?
Back to studying
It is called Microsoft Mathematics.. for those interested. Free download calculator from microsoft. And if you do happen to download and understand how to use, please post utubes on the various keys and formulas. Haven't figured out how to do standard deviation on the calcuator yet.
Back to studying
It is called Microsoft Mathematics.. for those interested. Free download calculator from microsoft. And if you do happen to download and understand how to use, please post utubes on the various keys and formulas. Haven't figured out how to do standard deviation on the calcuator yet.
Monday, 1 October 2012
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